Tumu Crisis

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40°23′N 115°36′E / 40.383°N 115.600°E / 40.383; 115.600

Crisis of the Tumu Fortress
Date September 1, 1449 Location Huailai County, North Zhili, Ming China Result Mongol victory, capture of Chinese Emperor Yingzong, and return to status quo ante bellum
Belligerents
Northern Yuan, Oirat Mongols	Ming dynasty
Commanders and leaders
Taisun Khan Esen Taishi Alag-Temur	Emperor Yingzong of Ming (POW) Zhu Mian (朱冕) † Zhu Yong (朱勇) † Wang Zhen † Zhang Fu †
Strength
20,000	500,000[1]
Casualties and losses
5,000	250,000+

The Crisis of the Tumu Fortress (simplified Chinese: 土木堡之变; traditional Chinese: 土木堡之變), also known as the Tumu Crisis (simplified Chinese: 土木之变; traditional Chinese: 土木之變; Mongolian: Тумугийн тулалдаан), or the Jisi Incident (simplified Chinese: 己巳之变; traditional Chinese: 己巳之變), was a frontier conflict between the Northern Yuan and Ming dynasties. The Oirat ruler of the Northern Yuan, Esen, captured the Emperor Yingzong of Ming on September 1, 1449.^[1]